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  • ASME BPVC.X-2025

    ASME BPVC.X-2025 with the natural color of the resin shall be used except as
    permitted by the Manufacturing Specification. If required
    in the User’s Design Specification, the Class III vessel may
    be painted.
    8-300.4.1 Resin Material Requirements
    (a) The resin materials used in the manufacture of the
    Class III vessel shall be the same as those specified in the
    Manufacturing Specification. Each resin shall be traceable
    by the name of its supplier and the trade name or number
    of that supplier. The resin supplier shall supply to the
    Fabricator a Certificate of Analysis for each resin used.
    It shall include the following information:
    (1) resin identification
    (2) batch number(s)
    (3) date of manufacture
    (4) shelf life
    (b) The resin supplier shall certify, for each batch
    shipped, the value and the limits required by the specification
    of the properties identified in Table 8-300.4.1-1.
    Resin material outside the shelf life shall be either retested
    by the resin manufacturer and certified to the original
    properties or rejected. The values obtained for viscosity
    and specific gravity for the resin alone shall be within the
    limits of the supplier’s specification for that resin and as
    listed in the Manufacturing Specification. The values
    obtained for gel time and peak exotherm temperature
    shall be for a particular resin/curing system test formulation
    and temperature, and shall be within the limits listed
    in the Manufacturing Specification. The test formulation
    and temperature shall be representative of the formulations
    used during Class III vessel manufacture. These test
    results shall be certified by the Fabricator and shall be
    included in the Fabricator’s Construction Records.
    (c) The tolerance limits for the test formulation, as
    listed in the Manufacturing Specification, may be established
    by either the resin supplier or the Fabricator.
    The tolerance limits shall be established using formulation
    components having Fabricator-specified material characteristics.
    The tolerance limits established shall be within a
    sufficiently narrow range such that test results outside
    this range would reflect deviations in component material
    characteristics and alert the Fabricator of possible material
    irregularities.
    (d) The Fabricator shall establish a maximum use
    temperature for the resin/cure system used. This may
    be in conjunction with the resin supplier or independent
    laboratory, and may be based on heat distortion temperature
    or glass transition temperature. The Fabricator shall
    reestablish and redocument the maximum use temperature
    at least every twelve months using current batches of
    resin and curing agent. The maximum use temperature
    shall be recorded on the Manufacturing Specification. A
    record of these determinations shall become part of
    the Fabricator’s Construction Records.
    8-300.5 Curing Agents. The curing agents used, the
    resin-to-curing-agent ratio and the curing procedure
    followed in the Class III vessel manufacture shall be as
    specified in the Manufacturing Specification. Each
    curing agent shall be traceable by the supplier’s name,
    the supplier’s designation, and the generic name.
    8-300.5.1 Laminate Cure. The Fabricator shall ensure
    that the resin applied to the Class III vessel is properly
    cured using a test specimen. Proper cure shall be demonstrated
    by using the Barcol test in accordance with ASTM
    D2583 or other appropriate method. Barcol readings shall
    be within the tolerance specified by the resin supplier. If
    the resin supplier does not provide Barcol specifications
    for the resin/curing system used, the Fabricator shall
    establish Barcol specifications. Barcol specifications
    established by the Fabricator shall be documented.
    Barcol specifications shall become part of the Fabricator’s
    Construction Records.
    8-300.6 Interlaminar Shear Strength. The laminates
    used in manufacturing Class III vessel shall have
    minimum interlaminar shear strengths of 2,000 psi
    (13.8 MPa) for all resins, determined in accordance
    with ASTM D2344. The test shall be performed following
    the boiling of the test sample in water for 24 hr. The test
    results shall be included in the Fabricator’s Construction
    Records. The measured interlaminar shear strength shall
    be recorded on Form CPV-2.
    8-300.6.1 Nonmetallic Liner Materials. All nonmetallic
    liners shall be considered nonload sharing. The
    liner shall be manufactured from a material suitable
    for service with the contained fluid(s). The liner material
    supplier shall verify that each batch of liners have the
    specified material chemistry and mechanical properties
    and provide a certificate of conformance to the Class
    III vessel Fabricator documenting the verification.
    8-400 DESIGN
    8-400.1 Allowable Stress Rules. Stress analysis shall ð25Þ

    methods that address the nonlinear behavior. The thickness
    and material properties used in stress calculations
    shall be chosen to give accurate results, and analysis
    results shall be confirmed with strain gages or similar
    methods during testing.
    The circumferential and longitudinal stresses generated
    in the laminate layer shall be used to resist loads
    due to internal pressure, thermal expansion, and all
    other circumferential and longitudinal loads, including
    bending loads caused by the contained fluid.
    The maximum fiber stress at any location in the laminate
    shall not exceed 67% of the tensile strength of glass
    fibers or 80% of the tensile strength of carbon fibers
    during the autofrettage pressure load for vessels with
    load-sharing liners.
    The maximum fiber stress at any location in the laminate
    layer shall not exceed 28.5% for glass fibers and
    44.4% for carbon fibers of the tensile strength of the
    fiber at design conditions.
    The calculation of stresses shall consider the least favorable
    effects of geometric irregularities (e.g., out-of-roundness),
    weld peaking, reinforcement, and offsets as well as
    mismatches of Categories A and B welded liners.
    8-400.2 Design Pressure. The design pressure of the
    Class III vessel shall be specified in the User’s Design Specification.
    The maximum design pressure for Class III vessel
    shall not be less than 3,000 psi (21 MPa) or greater than
    15,000 psi (103 MPa).
    8-400.3 Maximum Design Temperature. The
    Maximum Design Temperature of the laminate shall be
    the same as the Maximum Design Temperature of the
    Class III vessel and shall be specified in the User’s
    Design Specification. The Maximum Design Temperature
    shall be at least 35°F (19°C) below the maximum use
    temperature of the resin as documented in the Manufacturing
    Specification, but in no case shall it exceed 185°F
    (85°C).
    8-400.4 Minimum Design Temperature. The
    Minimum Design Temperature to which a Class III
    vessel may be constructed under this Appendix shall
    not be colder than −65°F (−54°C).
    8-400.5 Vessel Supports. Vessel supports shall be
    designed to function without damaging the vessel considering
    all loads resulting from transportation and operation.
    8-400.6 Protective Layer. An optional external layer of
    laminate may be provided for protection of the structural
    laminate layer from damage due to impact, ultraviolet
    radiation, or other environmental exposure, fire or abrasive
    conditions, and in-service degradation of the laminate
    for the life of the Class III vessel under the service conditions
    as specified in the User’s Design Specification. This
    layer shall not be considered in the calculation on the
    stress levels in the vessel and shall not be applied to
    the vessel used for the qualification testing.
    8-400.7 Hybrid Designs. Hybrid construction (using
    more than one type of reinforcing fiber) is permitted.
    The strength of the individual types of fibers used in
    hybrid construction may be verified by testing of
    vessels reinforced with a single type of fiber. The test
    can be performed on subscale vessels. In a hybrid
    construction, the applicable Stress Ratio requirements
    must be met in one of the two following ways:
    (a) If load sharing between the various fiber reinforcing
    materials is considered a fundamental part of the
    design, each fiber must meet the stated Stress Ratio requirements.
    (b) If load sharing between fibers is not considered as a
    fundamental part of the design, then one of the reinforcing
    fibers must be capable of meeting the Stress Ratio requirements
    even if all other fiber reinforcing materials are
    removed.
    8-500 FABRICATION
    8-500.1 Manufacturing Specification.
    (a) The Manufacturing Specification shall specify, as a
    minimum, all pertinent material properties data, the
    means by which the laminate is applied to the liner,
    and all other significant process data associated with
    the laminate and the Class III vessel design. The Manufacturing
    Specification shall include tolerance limits for all
    appropriate material properties, process conditions
    such as time and temperature, acceptable test result
    values, compositions of resins, fibers, and curing
    agents, etc., as further defined by the rules of this Appendix.
    The Manufacturing Specification shall form part of the
    Fabricator’s Construction Records.
    (b) As a minimum, the essential variables provided
    below shall be held within tolerances as specified in
    the Manufacturing Specification.
    (1) Essential variables for liner and nozzles
    (-a) material(s) including limits of chemical
    analysis
    (-b) dimensions, minimum thickness, straightness,
    and out-of-roundness with tolerances
    (-c) process and specification of manufacture
    (-d) heat-treatment, temperatures, duration, and
    tolerances
    (-e) inspection procedures (minimum requirements)
    (-f) material properties
    (-g) dimensional details of nozzle threads and any
    other permanent features
    (-h) method of sealing nozzle to nonload-sharing
    liner for bonded bosses
    (-i) autofrettage procedure for metallic lined
    vessels
    (2) Essential variables for laminate materials
    ASME BPVC.X-2025

  • ASME BPVC.XII-2025

    MANDATORY APPENDIX I
    QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM
    ð25Þ I-1 GENERAL
    A Manufacturer, Repair or Relief Valve Recertification
    Organization holding or applying for a Certificate of
    Authorization shall demonstrate a quality control
    program that meets ASME CA-1 and establishes that all
    Code requirements, including material, design, fabrication,
    examination (by the Manufacturer, Repair, and
    Relief Valve Recertification Organization), and for
    vessels and vessel parts, inspection (by the Inspector),
    will be met. Provided that Code requirements are suitably
    identified, the system may include provisions for satisfying
    any requirements by the Manufacturer, or User,
    which exceed minimum Code requirements and may
    include provisions for quality control of non-Code
    work. In such systems, the Manufacturer of vessels or
    vessel parts may make changes in parts of the system
    that do not affect the Code requirements without securing
    acceptance by the Inspector.
    The system that the Manufacturer uses to meet the requirements
    of this Section must be one suitable for the
    Manufacturer’s own circumstances. The necessary
    scope and detail of the system shall depend on the
    complexity of the work15 performed and on the size
    and complexity of the Manufacturer’s organization.16 A
    written description of the system the Manufacturer
    will use to produce a Code item shall be available for
    review. Depending upon the circumstances, the description
    may be brief or voluminous.
    The written description may contain information of a
    proprietary nature relating to the Manufacturers or
    processes. Therefore, the Code does not require any distribution
    of this information except for the Inspector, ASME
    Designee, or an ASME-designated organization as covered
    by I-16(c) and Section XIII, Mandatory Appendix III, III-
    2.13. It is intended that information learned about the
    system in connection with the evaluation will be
    treated as confidential and that all loaned descriptions
    will be returned to the Manufacturer upon completion
    of the evaluation.
    I-2 OUTLINE OF FEATURES TO BE INCLUDED
    IN THE WRITTEN DESCRIPTION OF THE
    QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM
    The following is a guide to some of the features that
    should be covered in the written description of the
    Quality Control System and that is equally applicable
    to both shop and field work.
    I-3 AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY
    The authority and responsibility of those in charge of
    the Quality Control System shall be clearly established.
    Persons performing quality control functions shall
    have sufficient and well-defined responsibility, the
    authority, and the organizational freedom to identify
    quality control problems and initiate, recommend, and
    provide solutions.
    I-4 ORGANIZATION
    An organization chart showing the relationships among
    management and engineering, purchasing, manufacturing,
    construction, inspection, and quality control is
    required to reflect the actual organization. The
    purpose of this chart is to identify and associate the
    various organizational groups with the particular function
    for which they are responsible. The Code does not intend
    to encroach on the Manufacturer’s right to establish, and
    from time to time, to alter, whatever form of organization
    the Manufacturer considers appropriate for its Code work.
    I-5 DRAWINGS, DESIGN CALCULATIONS, AND
    SPECIFICATION CONTROL
    The Manufacturer’s or Assembler’s Quality Control
    System shall provide procedures that will ensure that
    the latest applicable drawings, design calculations, specifications,
    and instructions required by the Code, as well as
    authorized changes, are used for manufacture, examination,
    inspection, and testing.
    For Manufacturers or Assemblers of parts who do not
    perform or assume any design responsibility for the parts
    they manufacture, the Quality Control System need only
    describe how design documents, including specifications,
    drawings, and sketches, that are received from the
    purchaser of the part are controlled, and how the
    ASME BPVC.XII-2025

  • IEEE C2-2023 

    1. Switchgear assemblies
      A. General requirements for all switchgear
    2. To minimize movement, all switchgear shall be secured in a manner consistent with conditions
      of service and applicable manufacturer’s instructions.
    3. Cable routed to switchgear shall be supported to minimize forces applied to conductor
      terminals.
    4. Piping containing liquids, or corrosive or hazardous gases, shall not be routed in the vicinity of
      switchgear unless suitable barriers are installed to protect the switchgear from damage in the
      event of a pipe failure.
    5. Switchgear shall not be located where foreign flammable or corrosive gases or liquids routinely
      and normally are discharged. Companion equipment such as transformers and switchgear are
      not considered foreign.
    6. Switchgear should not be installed in a location that is still specifically under active
      construction, especially where welding and burning are required directly overhead. Special
      precautions should be observed to minimize impingement of slag, metal filings, moisture, dust,
      or hot particles.
      EXCEPTION: Switchgear may be installed in a general construction area if suitable temporary protection
      is provided to minimize the risks associated with general construction activities.
    7. Precautions shall be taken to protect energized switchgear from damage when maintenance is
      performed in the area.
    8. Switchgear enclosure surfaces shall not be used as physical support for any item unless
      specifically designed for that purpose.
    9. Enclosure interiors shall not be used as storage areas unless specifically designed for that
      purpose.
    10. Metal instrument cases shall be effectively grounded and enclosed in covers that are metal and
      effectively grounded, or are of insulating material.
      B. Metal-enclosed power switchgear
    11. Switchgear shall not be located within 25 ft (7.6 m) horizontally indoors or 10 ft (3.0 m)
      outdoors of storage containers, vessels, utilization equipment, or devices containing flammable
      liquids or gases.
      EXCEPTION: If an intervening barrier, designed to mitigate the potential effects of flammable liquids or
      gases, is installed, the distances listed above do not apply.
      NOTE: Rule 180B1 is not intended to apply to the power transformer(s) supplying the switchgear.
    12. Enclosed switchgear rooms shall have at least two means of egress, one at each extreme of the
      area, not necessarily in opposite walls. Doors shall swing out and be equipped with panic bars,
      pressure plates, or other devices that are normally latched but open under simple pressure.
      EXCEPTION: One door may be used when required by physical limitations if means are provided for
      unhampered exit during emergencies.
    13. Space shall be maintained in front of switchgear to allow breakers to be removed and turned
      without obstruction.
    14. Space shall be maintained in the rear of the switchgear to allow for door opening to at least
      90 degrees open, or a minimum of 3 ft (900 mm) without obstruction when removable panels
      are used.
    15. Permanently mounted devices, panelboards, etc., located on the walls shall not encroach on the
      space requirements in Rule 180B4.
      180 180B5
      Part 1: Safety Rules for Electric Supply Stations
    16. 69
    17. Copyright © 2022 IEEE. All rights reserved.
    18. 6. Where columns extend into the room beyond the wall surface, the face of the column shall not
    19. encroach on the space requirements in Rule 180B4.
    20. 7. Low-voltage cables or conductors, except those to be connected to equipment within the
    21. compartments rated greater than 1000 V, shall not be routed through the divisions of
    22. switchgear unless installed in rigid metal duct, conduit or isolated by rigid metal barriers.
    23. 8. Low-voltage conductors routed from sections rated greater than 1000 V of switchgear shall
    24. terminate in a low-voltage section before being routed external to the switchgear.
    25. 9. Conductors entering switchgear shall be insulated for the highest operating voltage in that
    26. compartment or be separated from insulated conductors of other voltage ratings.
    27. 10. Switchgear enclosures shall be suitable for the environment in which they are installed.
    28. 11. A safety sign shall be placed in each cubicle containing more than one source (greater than
    29. 1000 V).
    30. NOTE: ANSI Z535.1-2011, ANSI Z535.2-2011, ANSI Z535.3-2011, ANSI Z535.4-2011, and ANSI
    31. Z535.5-2011 contain information regarding safety signs.
    32. 12. The location of control devices shall be readily accessible to personnel. Instruments, relays, and
    33. other devices requiring reading or adjustments should be so placed that work can readily be
    34. performed from the working space.
    35. C. Dead-front power switchboards
    36. Dead-front power switchboards with uninsulated rear connections shall be installed in rooms or
    37. spaces that are capable of being locked, with access limited to qualified personnel.
    38. D. Motor control centers
    39. Motor control centers shall not be connected to systems having higher short-circuit capability
      than the bus bracing can withstand. Where current-limiting fuses are employed on the source
      side of the bus, the bus bracing and breaker-interrupting rating are determined by the peak

  • API Std 1104 

    Design and Preparation of a Joint for Production Welding
    7.1 General
    Piping shall be welded by qualified welders using qualified procedures. The surfaces to be welded shall be
    smooth, uniform, and free from laminations, tears, scale, slag, grease, paint, and other deleterious material
    that might adversely affect the welding.
    For production welding of materials with two separate strength levels, a procedure that is qualified for the
    higher-strength material should be used.
    NOTE While it is acceptable (according to 5.6.2.3) for the measured tensile strength across the weld to be less than
    the actual tensile strength of the pipe material, some pipeline designs (e.g., high longitudinal strains due to geotechnical
    reasons) require matching or overmatching strength girth welds. The use of filler metal with yield strength that matches or
    overmatches the actual yield strength of the pipe material prevents longitudinal strains from accumulating in the weld
    region, which is more likely to contain imperfections than the pipe material.
    7.2 Alignment
    The root opening, or spacing between abutting members, shall be in accordance with the welding procedure
    specification. The alignment of abutting ends shall minimize the offset between surfaces. For pipe ends of
    the same OD and specified thickness, the offset at any location should not exceed 1/8 in. (3 mm). Larger
    variations are permissible provided the variation is caused by variations of the pipe end dimensions within
    the pipe purchase specification tolerances, and such offset has been minimized by distributing around the
    WELDING OF PIPELINES AND RELATED FACILITIES 43
    circumference of the pipe. Hammering of the pipe to obtain proper lineup should be kept to a minimum and
    hinging of the pipe joint (i.e., the use of hinge tacks) to achieve a proper root gap should be prohibited.
    7.3 Use of Lineup Clamp for Butt Welds
    Use and removal of lineup clamps shall be in accordance with the welding procedure specification. If the
    clamp can be removed prior to root pass completion, the percentage required by the welding procedure
    specification shall be met and should be equally spaced around the circumference.
    7.4 Bevel
    The bevels shall conform to the joint design used in the welding procedure specification.
    7.5 Weather Conditions
    Welding shall not be done when the quality of the completed weld would be impaired by the prevailing
    weather conditions, including but not limited to low temperatures, airborne moisture, blowing sands, or high
    winds. Windshields or temporary shelters may be used when practical. The company shall decide if weather
    conditions are suitable for welding.
    7.6 Clearance
    When the pipe is welded above ground, the working clearance around the pipe at the weld should not be
    less than 16 in. (400 mm). When the pipe is welded in a trench, the bell hole shall be large enough to provide
    the welder or welders with ready access to the joint.
    7.7 Cleaning Between Beads
    Scale and slag should be removed from each bead and groove. Power tools shall be used when called for in
    the welding procedure specification; otherwise, cleaning may be performed with either hand or power tools.
    When semiautomatic or mechanized welding is used, surface porosity clusters, bead starts, and high points
    should be removed by grinding before weld metal is deposited over them. When requested by the company,
    heavy glass deposits shall be removed before weld metal is deposited over them.
    7.8 Position and Roll Welding
    Procedure
    All position welds shall be made with the parts to be joined secured against movement and with adequate
    clearance around the joint to allow the welder or welders space in which to work. At the company’s option,
    roll welding shall be permitted using a qualified welding procedure specification, provided alignment is
    maintained using skids or a structural framework with an adequate number of roller dollies to prevent sag in
    the supported lengths of pipe.
    Filler and Finish Beads
    The number of filler and finish beads shall allow the completed weld a substantially uniform cross-section
    around the entire circumference of the pipe. At no point shall the crown surface fall below the outside surface
    of the pipe, nor should it be raised above the parent metal by more than that specified in the welding
    procedure specification.
    Two beads shall not be started at the same location. The cap width should conform to the tolerances
    specified in the welding procedure specification. The completed weld shall be thoroughly brushed and
    cleaned.
    44 API STANDARD 1104
    7.9 Identification of Welds
    Each welder shall identify the welder’s work in the manner agreed by the company.
    7.10 Preheat, Interpass Temperature, Postheat, and PWHT
    Preheat, interpass temperature, postheat, and PWHT practices as listed on the qualified welding procedure
    specification shall be followed.
    NOTE Application of postheat can be beneficial to the reduction of solute hydrogen, particularly when using
    cellulosic-coated (AWS EXX10-type) electrodes.
    8 Inspection and Testing of Production Welds
    8.1 Rights of Inspection
    The company shall have the right to inspect all welds by nondestructive means or by removing welds and
    subjecting them to mechanical tests. The inspection may be made during the welding or after the weld has
    been completed. The frequency of inspection shall be as specified by the company.
    8.2 Methods of Inspection
    The NDT method used shall produce indications of imperfections that can be accurately interpreted and
    evaluated. The welds shall be evaluated on the basis of either Section 9 or, at the company’s option,
    Annex A. In the latter case, more extensive inspection to determine the imperfection size is required.
    Destructive testing shall consist of the removal of completed welds, sectioning of the welds into specimens,
    and the examination of the specimens. The specimens shall be prepared in accordance with and shall meet
    the requirements of 6.5. The company shall have the right to accept or reject any weld that does not meet
    the requirements for the method by which it was inspected.
    NOTE 1 The welder who makes a weld that fails to comply with the requirements may be disqualified from further
    work.
    NOTE 2 Operators of nondestructive inspection equipment may be required to demonstrate the inspection
    procedure’s capability to detect defects and the operator’s ability to properly interpret the indications given by the
    equipment.
    Trepanning methods of testing shall not be used.
    8.3 Qualification of Inspection Personnel
    Welding inspection personnel shall be qualified by experience and training for the specified inspection task
    they perform. Their qualifications shall be acceptable to the company.

  • ISO 14001:2026

    ISO 14001:2026(en)
    7 Support
    7.1 Resources
    The organization shall determine and provide the resources needed for the establishment, implementation, maintenance and continual improvement of the environmental management system.
    7.2 Competence
    The organization shall:
    a) determine the necessary competence of person(s) doing work under its control that affects its environmental performance and its ability to meet its compliance obligations;
    b) ensure that these persons are competent on the basis of appropriate education, training, or experience;
    c) determine training needs associated with its environmental aspects and its environmental management system;
    d) where applicable, take actions to acquire the necessary competence, and evaluate the effectiveness of the actions taken.
    NOTE Applicable actions can include, for example: the provision of training to, the mentoring of, or the re-assignment of currently employed persons; or the hiring or contracting of competent persons.
    Appropriate documented information shall be available as evidence of competence.
    7.3 Awareness
    The organization shall ensure that persons doing work under the organization’s control are aware of:
    a) the environmental policy;
    b) the significant environmental aspects and related actual or potential environmental impacts associated with their work;
    c) their contribution to the effectiveness of the environmental management system, including the benefits of enhanced environmental performance;
    d) the implications of not conforming with the environmental management system requirements, including not meeting the organization’s compliance obligations.
    7.4 Communication
    7.4.1 General
    The organization shall establish, implement and maintain the process(es) needed for internal and external communications relevant to the environmental management system including:
    a) on what it will communicate;
    b) when to communicate;
    c) with whom to communicate;
    d) how to communicate.
    When establishing its communication process(es), the organization shall:
    — take into account its compliance obligations;
    11

    © ISO 2026 – All rights reserved
    ISO 14001:2026(en)
    — ensure that environmental information communicated is consistent with information generated within the environmental management system and is reliable.
    The organization shall respond to relevant communications on its environmental management system.
    Appropriate documented information shall be available as evidence of the organization’s communications.
    7.4.2 Internal communication
    The organization shall:
    a) internally communicate information relevant to the environmental management system among the various levels and functions of the organization, including changes to the environmental management system, as appropriate;
    b) ensure that its communication process(es) enable(s) persons doing work under the organization’s control to contribute to continual improvement.
    7.4.3 External communication
    The organization shall externally communicate information relevant to the environmental management system, as established by the organization’s communication process(es) and as required by its compliance obligations.
    7.5 Documented information
    7.5.1 General
    The organization’s environmental management system shall include:
    a) documented information required by this document;
    b) documented information determined by the organization as being necessary for the effectiveness of the environmental management system.
    NOTE The extent of documented information for an environmental management system can differ from one organization to another due to:
    — the size of organization and its type of activities, processes, products and services;
    — the need to demonstrate fulfilment of its compliance obligations;
    — the complexity of processes and their interactions;
    — the competence of persons doing work under the organization’s control.
    7.5.2 Creating and updating documented information
    When creating and updating documented information, the organization shall ensure appropriate:
    a) identification and description (e.g. a title, date, author, or reference number);
    b) format (e.g. language, software version, graphics) and media (e.g. paper, electronic);
    c) review and approval for suitability and adequacy.

  • ISO 9000-2026 Structure Overview

    ISO 9000:2026 Structure Overview
    ISO 9000:2026
    Quality management — Fundamentals and vocabulary · 5th ed. (2026-05) · Replaces ISO 9000:2015 · Applies to all organizations
    Clause 3 · Terms and Definitions
    12 concept groups:
    Organization · Management · Process · System · Requirement · Action · Result · Data/Information/Documents · Customer · Characteristic · Determination · Audit
    Arranged in conceptual order, with alphabetical index; common language for all ISO/TC 176 documents
    Clause 4 · Fundamentals of Quality Management
    4.2 Seven Quality Management Principles
    Customer focus · Leadership · Engagement of people · Process approach · Improvement · Evidence-based decision-making · Relationship management
    4.3 Fundamental Concepts (10)
    Quality · Quality management · QMS · Quality assurance · Quality control · Quality planning · Process management · Risk-based thinking · Organizational quality culture · Continual improvement
    4.4 Additional Concepts (12)
    Context of an organization · Interested parties · Integrated management system · Circular economy · Emerging technologies · Innovation · Change management · Customer experience · Knowledge management · Information management · People aspects · Business continuity
    4.5 Developing a QMS Using These Concepts and Principles
    Annex A · Concept Diagrams
    Graphical representation of relationships between terms, the basis for grouping Clause 3 terms
    Also includes bibliography and index
    Highlights of the new edition: ① Renamed to “Quality management”; ② Fundamentals split into “fundamental concepts + additional concepts,” now covering circular economy, emerging technologies, innovation, etc.; ③ Each principle includes a statement, rationale, key benefits, and possible actions to help organizations apply it.

  • ISO 9000:2026 vs ISO 9001:2026: Key Differences and How They Work Together

    ISO 9000:2026 is the fifth edition of the international standard that defines the fundamentals and vocabulary of quality management. Published on 27 May 2026, it replaces ISO 9000:2015 and provides the common language organizations need to understand and apply quality management system concepts consistently.

    ISO 9000:2026 and ISO 9001:2026 are closely connected, but they serve different purposes. ISO 9000 explains the concepts, principles and terminology; ISO 9001 specifies the requirements an organization can implement and be certified against.

    What Is ISO 9000:2026?

    ISO 9000:2026, Quality management — Fundamentals and vocabulary, establishes a shared foundation for the ISO 9000 family. It helps managers, quality professionals, consultants, auditors and employees use important QMS terms in the same way.

    The new edition is an International Standard, Edition 5, with 53 pages. According to ISO, the updated terminology and concepts reflect current business practices, technology and stakeholder needs while aligning with ISO 9001:2026.

    ISO 9000:2026 vs ISO 9001:2026

    QuestionISO 9000:2026ISO 9001:2026
    Main purposeExplains quality management fundamentals and vocabularyDefines requirements for a quality management system
    Can an organization be certified?NoYes, although certification is voluntary
    Primary usersAnyone interpreting or applying QMS conceptsOrganizations implementing, auditing or certifying a QMS
    Best used forBuilding a common understandingDesigning, operating and improving the management system

    A simple way to remember the relationship is this: ISO 9000 provides the language; ISO 9001 provides the requirements. Organizations implementing ISO 9001 should use ISO 9000 as a reference whenever a term or quality management concept needs clarification.

    What Is New in the 2026 Edition?

    • Updated terminology: definitions have been reviewed to support clearer and more consistent interpretation.
    • Alignment with ISO 9001:2026: the vocabulary and principles support the current edition of the QMS requirements standard.
    • Modern organizational context: concepts reflect changes in technology, business practices and stakeholder expectations.
    • Greater usability: the revised foundation helps different functions, sectors and countries communicate about quality with less ambiguity.

    Readers who need a clause-focused outline can also review our ISO 9000:2026 structure overview.

    The Seven Quality Management Principles

    ISO 9000 defines seven quality management principles that underpin the wider ISO 9000 family:

    1. Customer focus
    2. Leadership
    3. Engagement of people
    4. Process approach
    5. Improvement
    6. Evidence-based decision making
    7. Relationship management

    These principles are not a separate certification checklist. They provide the management ideas behind the requirements and help organizations understand why effective QMS practices matter.

    Who Should Use ISO 9000:2026?

    • Organizations implementing or updating an ISO 9001 quality management system
    • Internal and external auditors who need consistent terminology
    • Consultants, trainers and certification professionals
    • Suppliers and customers communicating quality requirements
    • Teams integrating quality with environmental, safety or other management systems

    The standard applies across industries and organization sizes. It is particularly useful during training, gap analysis, procedure writing, audit preparation and discussions where different interpretations of a term could affect decisions.

    Do You Need Both ISO 9000 and ISO 9001?

    If your goal is ISO 9001 implementation or certification, ISO 9001:2026 is the requirements document you must follow. ISO 9000:2026 is not mandatory for certification, but it is a valuable companion because it explains the vocabulary and fundamental concepts used throughout the quality management family.

    Using both standards can reduce misunderstandings, improve training and help auditors and process owners interpret requirements consistently. For the practical changes and transition priorities in the requirements standard, read our guide: ISO 9001:2026: What Has Changed and How Organizations Should Prepare.

  • ISO 9001:2026: What Has Changed and How Organizations Should Prepare

    ISO 9001:2026 is the sixth edition of the world’s most widely used quality management system standard. Published on 16 September 2026, it replaces ISO 9001:2015 and introduces targeted updates designed to improve clarity, usability and relevance in today’s business environment.

    The familiar management system structure remains in place, so organizations that already use ISO 9001:2015 will recognize the overall framework. However, the new edition gives greater attention to leadership, quality culture, accountability, and the separate treatment of risks and opportunities.

    What Is ISO 9001:2026?

    ISO 9001:2026 specifies requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving a quality management system (QMS). It can be used by organizations of any size and in any sector, including manufacturing, construction, technology, healthcare, education and professional services.

    ISO reports that more than one million certificates have been issued to organizations in 189 countries. ISO 9001 remains the only certifiable standard in the ISO 9000 family, although certification itself is voluntary unless required by a customer, contract or regulation.

    What Has Changed in ISO 9001:2026?

    • Clearer requirements: wording has been refined to make the requirements easier to understand and apply.
    • Greater emphasis on quality culture: the new edition highlights the role of shared values, behavior and leadership in achieving consistent quality.
    • Stronger leadership and accountability: top management remains central to the effectiveness of the QMS.
    • Clearer treatment of risks and opportunities: organizations are expected to consider beneficial opportunities as well as potential risks.
    • New Annex A: additional explanations clarify important terms and the intent behind selected requirements.
    • Closer alignment with other management system standards: integration with standards such as ISO 14001 is intended to be easier.

    The revision is focused rather than a complete redesign. Existing ISO 9001 users should therefore concentrate on understanding the revised language and identifying where their current processes, documented information and audit practices need adjustment.

    What Should Certified Organizations Do?

    Organizations certified to ISO 9001:2015 should begin with a structured gap review. Compare the new requirements with the current QMS, identify affected procedures and records, and consider whether leadership responsibilities, risk planning and quality culture are adequately addressed.

    1. Obtain and review the official ISO 9001:2026 publication.
    2. Ask your certification body about its transition timetable and audit arrangements.
    3. Conduct a gap analysis against the 2015 edition.
    4. Update procedures, objectives and documented information where necessary.
    5. Train process owners and internal auditors on the revised requirements.
    6. Complete internal audits and management review before the transition audit.

    The exact transition arrangements should be confirmed with the organization’s certification body. Companies should avoid relying on unofficial summaries alone when making compliance decisions.

    Related Standards to Consider

    ISO 9000:2026 provides the fundamentals and vocabulary used throughout the quality management standards family. It helps organizations, consultants and auditors interpret key QMS concepts consistently. See our comparison of ISO 9000:2026 and ISO 9001:2026 to understand how the two standards work together.

    ISO 19011:2026 provides guidance for auditing management systems. It is particularly relevant when updating an internal audit program or preparing auditors to assess a QMS against the new edition.

    ISO 14001:2026 addresses environmental management. Organizations operating integrated management systems may find the closer alignment between ISO management system standards useful when reviewing shared processes such as leadership, planning, competence, internal audits and management review.

    Why ISO 9001:2026 Matters

    The new edition gives organizations an opportunity to review whether their QMS still supports business performance rather than functioning only as a compliance exercise. Used effectively, ISO 9001 can help improve process consistency, customer confidence, operational efficiency and continual improvement.

    Organizations beginning a new QMS project should work with the 2026 edition. Existing users should plan their transition early, while continuing to follow the guidance provided by their certification body.

  • SAE AS81969

    SAE AS81969: A Practical Guide to Connector Contact Installation and Removal Tools

    When working with high-reliability electrical connectors, the connector itself is only part of the equation.

    The way contacts are installed and removed can have a direct impact on connector performance, maintenance efficiency, and long-term reliability. Using an unsuitable tool may damage the contact, deform the connector, or affect the locking mechanism inside the connector.

    This is where SAE AS81969 becomes important.

    SAE AS81969 provides general requirements for tools used to install and remove electrical contacts from connectors and other electrical or electronic components. It establishes a standardized approach to tool design and classification, helping engineers and maintenance personnel select the appropriate tool for a specific application.

    What Is SAE AS81969?

    SAE AS81969 is titled:

    Installing and Removal Tools, Connector Electrical Contact, General Specification for

    The standard applies to tools designed for installing and removing electrical contacts from connectors and other electrical or electronic components.

    Rather than defining one universal tool, SAE AS81969 establishes a family of requirements and classifications. Different sections of the standard address different tool configurations, contact release methods, materials, and connector applications.

    This makes the standard particularly useful in aerospace, defense, military electronics, and other applications where connector maintenance must be performed with a high degree of precision.

    Why Do Connector Contacts Need Dedicated Tools?

    A connector contact may look like a small and simple component, but it is usually secured inside the connector by a retention mechanism.

    During installation, the contact must be positioned correctly and locked into place.

    During removal, the retention mechanism must be released without damaging the contact or connector body.

    A general-purpose tool may not provide the necessary dimensions or geometry for this operation.

    An incorrect tool can potentially cause:

    • Damage to the contact
    • Damage to the connector insulator
    • Deformation of the retention mechanism
    • Scratches or mechanical damage inside the connector
    • Improper contact positioning
    • Difficulties during reinstallation
    • Intermittent electrical connections

    For high-reliability applications, even minor mechanical damage can become a significant reliability concern.

    The purpose of a properly specified contact tool is therefore not simply to make installation or removal easier. It helps ensure that the connector can be serviced without compromising its original design.

    Understanding the SAE AS81969 Classification System

    One of the most useful aspects of SAE AS81969 is its classification system.

    The standard uses different categories to distinguish tools according to their function, contact release method, and material construction.

    Understanding these classifications makes it much easier to identify the correct tool.

    Type I — Installing Tools

    Type I tools are designed primarily for installing electrical contacts.

    The tool allows the contact to be inserted into the appropriate cavity and positioned correctly within the connector.

    A proper installation tool should provide sufficient control during insertion while minimizing the possibility of damaging the contact or connector.

    Type II — Removal Tools

    Type II tools are designed for removing electrical contacts.

    These tools are particularly important when a connector requires repair, contact replacement, or wiring modification.

    The removal tool must interact correctly with the contact retention system so that the contact can be released without excessive force.

    Type III — Combination Tools

    Type III tools combine installation and removal functions.

    Depending on the specific design, a combination tool can provide a convenient solution for applications where both operations are frequently required.

    However, the fact that a tool can perform multiple functions does not mean it is universally compatible with all connectors.

    The specific connector and contact design must still be verified.

    Front Release, Rear Release, and Other Contact Configurations

    Another important consideration is the direction from which the contact retention mechanism is released.

    SAE AS81969 classifications include different release configurations, such as front-release and rear-release arrangements.

    This distinction is critical when selecting a tool.

    Two connectors may look similar from the outside while using completely different contact retention mechanisms internally.

    Using a tool designed for the wrong release configuration can result in excessive force or damage to the connector.

    For this reason, tool selection should always begin with the connector and contact specifications rather than the appearance of the tool.

    Tool Material Also Matters

    SAE AS81969 also recognizes different tool material constructions.

    These include metal tools, plastic tools, and tools combining metal and plastic components.

    The choice of material can affect tool strength, durability, handling characteristics, and interaction with the connector.

    For example, metal tools may provide greater mechanical strength for certain applications, while plastic or composite constructions may be preferred where minimizing the risk of damaging surrounding components is important.

    The correct material depends on the application and the requirements of the applicable tool specification.

    SAE AS81969 Is a Series, Not Just One Tool Specification

    A common misunderstanding is that SAE AS81969 refers to one specific connector tool.

    In reality, it represents a broader family of specifications.

    Different slash-number specifications within the AS81969 series address different tool configurations and applications.

    For example, individual specifications may define tools according to:

    • Tool type
    • Contact release direction
    • Material composition
    • Connector family
    • Contact configuration
    • Dimensional requirements
    • Specific application requirements

    This is why simply stating that a tool is “SAE AS81969 compliant” may not provide enough information for engineering or purchasing purposes.

    The exact applicable specification should be identified.

    How AS81969 Fits Into Aerospace Connector Maintenance

    Aerospace and military connectors are often designed for demanding environments.

    They may be exposed to:

    • Vibration
    • Temperature cycling
    • Mechanical shock
    • Humidity
    • Frequent maintenance
    • Long service periods

    Connector reliability therefore depends not only on the design and materials of the connector but also on proper maintenance procedures.

    When a contact needs to be replaced, technicians must remove the existing contact without damaging the connector cavity or retention system.

    The replacement contact must then be installed correctly and securely.

    Using the appropriate AS81969 tool helps make these operations more controlled and repeatable.

    A Simple Example: Replacing a Connector Contact

    Consider an aircraft wiring harness where one electrical contact needs to be replaced.

    The technician should not simply select a tool based on its physical size.

    Instead, the process should begin by identifying the connector and contact.

    The technician can then determine:

    Connector → Contact → Retention Method → Tool Type → Applicable AS81969 Specification

    This approach reduces the risk of selecting an incompatible tool.

    Once the correct tool has been identified, the contact can be removed and replaced using the appropriate procedure.

    The same principle applies when assembling new wiring harnesses or performing maintenance on military and industrial electronic equipment.

    What Should Buyers Check Before Ordering an AS81969 Tool?

    For purchasing teams, “AS81969” should be treated as the starting point rather than the final specification.

    Before placing an order, it is useful to confirm several details.

    1. Exact Specification

    Determine which AS81969 slash-number specification applies to the required tool.

    2. Tool Function

    Confirm whether the application requires an installation tool, removal tool, or combination tool.

    3. Contact Release Configuration

    Verify whether the connector uses a front-release, rear-release, or another retention configuration.

    4. Tool Construction

    Check whether the required tool should be metal, plastic, or a combination construction.

    5. Connector Compatibility

    Confirm that the tool is specifically compatible with the connector and contact being used.

    6. Specification Revision

    Always verify the applicable revision of the specification.

    Standards can be revised over time, and project documentation may require compliance with a particular revision.

    Common Mistakes When Selecting Connector Tools

    Several mistakes appear repeatedly in connector maintenance and procurement.

    Choosing by appearance

    Two tools may look almost identical but have different dimensions or functions.

    Choosing by connector size alone

    The connector housing does not necessarily determine the correct contact tool. The contact and retention mechanism are equally important.

    Assuming one tool fits an entire connector family

    A connector family can contain multiple contact sizes and configurations.

    Ignoring the specification revision

    A tool that matches an older requirement may not necessarily satisfy the latest project specification.

    Using excessive force

    If a contact does not move as expected, forcing it can damage the connector. The problem may be an incorrect tool rather than a defective contact.

    The Bigger Picture: Small Tools, High Reliability

    Connector tools are sometimes treated as simple accessories, but their role is much more important in high-reliability applications.

    A connector system can be manufactured to demanding engineering requirements, yet improper installation or removal can still compromise its performance.

    SAE AS81969 provides a structured way to address this problem by defining requirements and classifications for connector contact installation and removal tools.

    For aerospace, defense, military, and industrial electronics, selecting the correct tool is therefore part of maintaining the overall integrity of the connector system.

    The key point is simple:

    Do not select a connector contact tool based only on its appearance or general description.

    Start with the connector and contact specifications, identify the retention and release configuration, determine the appropriate AS81969 classification, and then verify the exact applicable tool specification.

    When the right connector meets the right contact and the right installation or removal tool, maintenance becomes more controlled, repeatable, and reliable.

  • SAE AMS2700G

    For example:

    1. A large machine is installed.
    2. Pipework is added.
    3. Electrical equipment is installed.
    4. Maintenance access is considered afterward.
    5. A narrow platform is added around the equipment.

    This approach can create difficult access arrangements.

    A better process is:

    Equipment Layout → Maintenance Requirements → Access Route → Platform → Stairs/Ladder → Edge Protection

    This allows access requirements to influence the design from the beginning.

    AS 1657:2018 AND INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE

    Maintenance personnel often work in areas that normal operators rarely visit.

    This can include:

    – Roof spaces
    – Elevated platforms
    – Machinery platforms
    – Pipe racks
    – Processing equipment
    – Plant rooms
    – Service areas

    These locations may be more challenging than normal working areas.

    A properly designed fixed access system can make maintenance activities more predictable and reduce unnecessary exposure to fall hazards.

    COMMON ACCESS DESIGN PROBLEMS

    PROBLEM 1: ACCESS ADDED TOO LATE

    When access is treated as an afterthought, available space may be insufficient.

    PROBLEM 2: EQUIPMENT BLOCKS THE ROUTE

    Pipes, cables, ducts or machinery can reduce available clearance.

    PROBLEM 3: INCONSISTENT STAIR DIMENSIONS

    Variations can make movement less predictable.

    PROBLEM 4: POOR TRANSITION BETWEEN LADDER AND PLATFORM

    The point where a worker leaves a ladder and enters a platform requires careful design.

    PROBLEM 5: MISSING OR INADEQUATE EDGE PROTECTION

    Open platform edges can create fall hazards.

    PROBLEM 6: POOR SURFACE CONDITION

    Corrosion, contamination or deterioration can affect the usability of a walkway.

    PROBLEM 7: INSUFFICIENT MAINTENANCE SPACE

    Workers may be able to reach equipment but cannot safely perform the required maintenance task.

    DESIGNING AN AS 1657:2018 ACCESS SYSTEM

    A practical design process can follow these steps.

    STEP 1 — IDENTIFY THE TASK

    Determine why workers need access.

    Is the purpose:

    – Inspection?
    – Operation?
    – Cleaning?
    – Maintenance?
    – Repair?
    – Emergency access?

    STEP 2 — DETERMINE FREQUENCY

    Frequent access may require a different solution from occasional access.

    STEP 3 — MAP THE ROUTE

    Identify the complete path from the normal working area to the destination.

    STEP 4 — SELECT THE ACCESS TYPE

    Consider whether the location requires:

    – Stairways
    – Ladders
    – Platforms
    – Walkways
    – Landings

    STEP 5 — ADD EDGE PROTECTION

    Consider handrails, guardrails and other relevant protective features.

    STEP 6 — CHECK CLEARANCES

    Review the relationship between the access system and surrounding equipment.

    STEP 7 — REVIEW THE FINISHED INSTALLATION

    The final system should be assessed as a complete access arrangement rather than as individual components.

    INSPECTION OF EXISTING FIXED ACCESS SYSTEMS

    Existing access systems should not be ignored simply because they were installed many years ago.

    Regular inspection can identify:

    – Corrosion
    – Cracked welds
    – Loose fasteners
    – Damaged grating
    – Bent components
    – Missing handrails
    – Damaged ladders
    – Deteriorated surfaces
    – Structural movement
    – Unauthorised modifications

    The inspection should consider both the physical condition and the current use of the access system.

    A system that was suitable ten years ago may no longer be appropriate after equipment or building modifications.

    WHAT SHOULD BE CHECKED DURING AN ACCESS INSPECTION?

    A practical inspection can consider several areas.

    STRUCTURE

    Check for:

    – Corrosion
    – Cracking
    – Deformation
    – Damaged connections
    – Loose components

    WALKING SURFACE

    Check for:

    – Damage
    – Excessive wear
    – Slippery contamination
    – Missing sections
    – Deterioration

    STAIRWAYS

    Check:

    – Step condition
    – Consistency
    – Handrails
    – Guardrails
    – Landings

    LADDERS

    Check:

    – Rungs
    – Side members
    – Connections
    – Access points
    – Surrounding clearance

    PLATFORMS

    Check:

    – Platform condition
    – Edge protection
    – Access openings
    – Structural support
    – Working clearance

    AS 1657:2018 FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

    For a new industrial facility, access should be considered during the engineering and architectural design stages.

    A coordinated design process may involve:

    Structural Design

    ↓

    Equipment Layout

    ↓

    Maintenance Planning

    ↓

    Access Design

    ↓

    Stairways and Ladders

    ↓

    Platforms and Walkways

    ↓

    Guardrails and Handrails

    ↓

    Inspection and Commissioning

    This approach can reduce expensive modifications later.

    AS 1657:2018 FOR EXISTING FACILITIES

    Existing facilities can present a different challenge.

    Older access systems may have been installed under previous requirements or modified multiple times.

    A practical assessment can begin with:

    – What access systems exist?
    – What equipment do they serve?
    – How frequently are they used?
    – Have they been modified?
    – Are there visible defects?
    – Are access routes obstructed?
    – Have surrounding conditions changed?
    – Is the current arrangement still suitable?

    This can help identify areas that require detailed engineering review.

    WHY COMPLIANCE SHOULD NOT BE TREATED AS A CHECKBOX

    A common approach to standards is:

    Compliant / Non-Compliant

    However, access safety requires more context.

    A technically compliant component can still be affected by:

    – Poor maintenance
    – Environmental contamination
    – Equipment changes
    – Obstructions
    – Corrosion
    – Unauthorised modifications

    Therefore, effective access management should combine:

    Design + Installation + Inspection + Maintenance + Change Management

    AS 1657:2018 QUICK REVIEW CHECKLIST

    ACCESS ROUTE

    – Is there a clear route to the work area?
    – Is the route suitable for its intended frequency of use?
    – Are there unnecessary obstacles?

    PLATFORMS

    – Is the platform suitable for the intended task?
    – Is the walking surface maintained?
    – Is appropriate edge protection provided?

    WALKWAYS

    – Is the route clear?
    – Is the surface suitable for the environment?
    – Are changes in level properly addressed?

    STAIRWAYS

    – Are steps consistent?
    – Are handrails and guardrails in good condition?
    – Are landings appropriate?

    LADDERS

    – Are ladders structurally sound?
    – Are rungs and connections secure?
    – Is the transition to the destination safe?

    MAINTENANCE

    – Is corrosion controlled?
    – Are damaged components repaired?
    – Are modifications recorded?
    – Are inspections documented?

    FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

    What is AS 1657:2018?

    AS 1657:2018 is an Australian Standard covering fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders that provide access to and within workplaces.

    Why is AS 1657 important?

    It provides a recognised framework for designing and constructing fixed access systems intended to support safer movement and work in industrial environments.

    Does AS 1657 apply to ladders?

    Yes. Fixed ladders are one of the access systems covered by the standard.

    Does AS 1657 cover platforms?

    Yes. Fixed platforms used for workplace access and related activities are included within its scope.

    Does AS 1657 cover handrails and guardrails?

    Handrails and guardrails form important parts of the access systems addressed by the standard.

    Can AS 1657 be used for existing access systems?

    The standard is commonly considered when assessing fixed workplace access systems, but the applicable requirements for an existing installation can depend on the project, jurisdiction, legislation and circumstances.

    Is AS 1657 only for factories?

    No. Fixed workplace access systems can be found across many industries, including manufacturing, mining, energy, utilities, processing plants and other industrial environments.

    FINAL THOUGHTS

    AS 1657:2018 is fundamentally about providing practical and safe fixed access to workplaces.

    The most effective access system is not necessarily the one with the largest platform or the most complicated design.

    It is the system that allows workers to reach their destination, perform the required task and return safely.

    Good access design should therefore consider the entire journey:

    Where does the worker start?

    How do they get there?

    What obstacles exist along the route?

    What work needs to be performed?

    How do they safely leave the area?

    For industrial facilities, incorporating these questions into the design, inspection and maintenance process can help create more reliable fixed access systems.

    AS 1657:2018 should be considered as part of a broader workplace safety and engineering process, together with applicable legislation, building requirements, structural considerations and site-specific risk assessments.

    Safe access begins with good design — and continues with regular inspection and maintenance.